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Part I
- a. Chemical symbols and their significance (review lecture)
- b. States of Matter :
- The three states of matter. The gaseous state, gas laws Boyle's law charles law, equation of state, Dalton's law of partial pressure Graham's law of diffusion, kinetic theory of gases (no derivation). Calculation involving the above laws.
- Liquids : Properties of liquids, solution, solubility, effect of temperature on solubility, concentration, concept of molarity, idea of vapour pressure, Calculations involving solubility.
- Solids: Properties of solids, crystals, crystallization, crystal structure of sodium chloride.
- c. Atomic Structure :
- i. The subatomic particles, the electron the protons and the neutrons, their masses and charge, the atomic mass unit.
- ii. The Rutherford-Bohr model, Rutherford-ray scattering experiment (details of experiment not required) electronic structure, electron orbits, principal quantum number, maximum number of electrons in various energy levels, idea of atomic number, the building-up principles for elements up to atomic number 30 using s,p,d,f, orbitals.
- iii. Isotopes, fractional atomic weights,
- iv. Orbitals, the shapes of s and p orbitals.
- v. Atomic weights, gram atom.
- d. Valency, variable valency
- Electonic theories of valency : electrovalence, electron dot or lewis formula of some electrovalent compounds, properties of ionic compounds, examples of some electrovalent compounds. Covalence, Lewis formulae of some typical covalent compounds, their properties, macromolecules (iodine, graphite, diamond). Coordinate covalence, electron dot formulae of some common compounds like NH3, BCI3, (NH4)2 SO4, etc., properties. Valence shell and valence electrons.
- e. Chemical Change and Chemical Equations :
- Molecular formulae. Types of chemical change, factors governing chemical change. Chemical equations, their significance, different ways of balancing them (hit and trial, partial ways of of balancing).
- f. Oxidation & Reduction :
- Electronic interpretation, redox reactions, balancing redox reactions by oxidation number of ion-electron method.
- g. Periodic table :
- i. Activity of elements, electrochemical series of elements
- ii. The periodic law,
- iii. The periodic table of Mandeleef, groups and subgroups, periods, the short and long periods, the zero group, the VIII group, prediction of undiscovered element, correction of faulty atomic weights, some anomalies in the periodic table, the redefination of the periodic law in terms of atomic number, dependence of behaviour within the groups and the period of the periodic table.
- h. Acids
- Classical definition, Arrhenius's theory of acids and bases Bronsted-Lewry concept, Lewis concept. Neutralization.
Non-metals :
a. Hydrogen : Position of hydrogen in the periodic table laboratory preparation from acids, alkalies and water, technical proparation, electrochemical series, physical and chemical properties of hydrogen, chemical properties of nascent hydrogen, application, catalytic hydrogenation.
b. Oxygen : Position in the periodic table, Laboratory preparation, preparation from compounds containing high percentage of oxygen, properties. application, oxides.
c. Water : Hard a and soft water, removal of hardness, composition of water, structure and solvent praperty of water.
d. Nitrogen, Position in the perodic table, preparation from atmospheric air, laboratory preparation and preparation from ammonium dichromate, ammonia, etc., applications.
e. Ammonia : Laboratory preparation, industrial production Haber's synthesis, properties, applications.
f. Oxides of Nitrogen : Lewis structures only.
g. Nitric Acid : Technical production by Ostwald's method, properties, application.
h. Halogens : Group discussion, general method of preparation general properties, Tech. preparation of Bromine & Iodine (Principles only), application.
i. Halogen acids : Laboratory preparation of HCl, HBr and HI comparative study of halogen acids, applications.
j. Carbon : Periodic discussion, allotropic modifications, diamond, graphite and activated charcoal.
k. Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide : Preparation, properties and applications.
l. Sulphur : Periodic discussion, allotropy of sulphur, structure of sulphur.
m. Hydrogen Sulohide and sulphur Dioxide : Preparation, properties and applications.
n. Sulphuric Acid : Technical proudction by Contact process, properties and applications.
o. Phosphorus Periodic discussion, red and white phosphorus.
p. Phosphoric Acid and Phosphates : Fertilizers,
Metals : Distinction between metals and non-metals, Occurrence of metals with special reference to Nepal, free and combined states, with examples, general principles of extraction of metals, purification of metals. General study (preparation and properties) of compounds of metals : Chlorides, sulphates, carbonates, etc.
Sodium : Periodic discussion, characteristics of alkali metals, extraction by Down's process, properties. Technical production of sodium hydroxide by Solvay-Kelner method. applacations of sodium hydroxide, Technical production of sodium carbonate by Ammonia - Soda process, applications of sodium carbonate.
Alkaline Earth Metals : Group discussion, preparation properties and applications of the following : lime, plaster of paris, bleaching powder, megnesium sulphate, magnesium hydroxide.
Coinage metals (Copper) : Principles of extraction, refining, properties and applications, preparations, proportions and applications of copper sulphate and oxides of copper.
Top of Course of Study in Chemistry
Part II
A. General Chemistry
Laws of Stoichiometry : Definitions and illustrations, calculations.
Equivalent weights & Atomic Weights : Equivalent weight and gram equivalent weight of an element, relation between atomic weight, eq. wt., and valency, equivalent weights of compounds (acids, bases and salts), determination of equivalent weight (hydrogen displacement method, oxide method). Determination of atomic weight based on eq. wt. & sp.heat, Calculations. involving eq/ wts. and atomic weights.
Molecules and molecular weight : Molecular motion, intermolecular force, Brownian motion, molecular structure, structural formulae, the mole concept, gram molecular volume, Avogadro's hypothesis and its deductions, determination of mol wt. by Victor Meyer's method. Calculations.
Acidimetry and Alkalimetry : Principle of acidimetry and alkalimetry, and calculations.
Electrochemistry : Arrhenius's theory of ionization, electrolysis, nonclectrolytes, mechanism of electrolysis, Faraday's laws of electrolysis & calculations, principle, commonion effect.
Chemical kinetics and Chemical Equiliorium : The rates of chemical change, the laws of mass action, the effect of temperature, catalysis, reversible reactions. Le Chatelier's principle, equilibrium constant.
B. Metals :
Zinc : Principles of extraction, refining, properties and applications (galvanization). Preparation, properties and applications of zinc oxide, zinc carbonate and zinc sulphate.
Mercury : Principles of extraction, purification, properties and applications. Preparation, properties and applications of calomel, and corrosive sublimate.
Iron : Principles of extraction, including labelled diagram of the blast furnace (no details), properties, rusting of iron, teel: manufacture by Bessemer converter and open hearth process. Stain-less steel, applications.
C. Organic :
Introduction to organic chemistry :
i. Definition
ii. Reasons for separating organic chemistry from inorganic
iii. Utility of organic chemistry
Isolation and Purification of Organic Compounds :
i. Sources of compounds
ii. Characterististics of organic compound
iii. Extraction of organic substances from natural sources
iv. Purification crystallization, sublimation, distillation, stem distillation
washing, drying, determintiation of m.P. and b.p., criterial of purity.
Analysis of organic compounds and their formulae:
i. Qualitative detection of C, H, N, S, P, and halogens in an organic compounds.
ii. Idea of empirical, molecular and structural formulae, structural and rational formulae and their importance.
Structure of Organic Compounds and their Naming :
i. Kekule's structural theory
ii. Isomerism (Structural).
iii. Homologous series.
iv. Functionsl groups
v. Study of free radical
vi. Common classification of organic compounds.
Hydrocarbons : Saturated, unsaturated, classification, structural isomerism, naming of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes, general methods of preparation and preperties of satuarated hydrocarbons and their applications.
Ethylene : Preparation (dehydration dehalogenation, electrolytic and reduction methods), physical properties, reactions with halogens, hydrogen, hydrogen halides, hypohalous acid, sulphuric acid, ozonolysis, polymerisation, oxidation, applications.
Acetylene : Lab preparation and four other methods of preparations, physical properties, reactions with hydrogen, halogen acids, catalytic hydration, oxonolysis, polymerization, reactions with metals, Markownikoff's rule, peroxide effect, uses, tests for (-C-C-, -C-C, -C=C- bonds.)
Alkyl Halides : Idea of mono- and poly-halogen derivatives, preparation, prooerties and applications of ethyl iodide, Chloroform : lab. preparation, physical properties, reactions with air, water, nitric acid, silver, acetone, caustic potash, carbylamine reaction, uses, iodoform test, deuterated chloroform and its use.
Alcohol : Definition, classification, naming, distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols (Victor Meyer's method). Ethyl alcohol : general idea of formentation and technical proudction, general methods of preparation of primary alcohols, physical properties, reactions with sodium, sulphuric acid, oxidizing agents, uses, tests, use of Grignard reaction. Idea of dihydric and polyhydric alcohols.
Ether : Definition, naming, characterization, Diethyl ether-preparation, properties, reactions with hydroiodic acid, sulphuric acid, phosphorus pentachloride, water, uses.
Aldehydes and Ketones : Definition, naming, carbonly group, general methods of preparation, preperties and applications of aldehydes and ketones, points in, which HCHO differs from CH3CHO, comparative reactivity of acetaldehyde and acetone, applications of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone in detail.
Carboxylic Acids : Definition, idea of mono-and polybasic acids, acids, general methods of preparation and properties of mono-carboxylic acids and their applications.
Amines : Definition, classification, naming and basicity, distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary mixture by Hoffmann's method, eneral methods of preparation and preperties of primary amines and their applications.
Aromatic compounds : Definition, coal tar distillation, characteristics of aromatic compounds.
Benzene : Lab, and three other methods of preparation, physical properties, nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel-Craft's reaction, hydrogenation, oxidation, tests and applications.
Phenol, Nitrobenzene and aniline : Preparation, properties and applications.
Top of Course of Study in Chemistry
Course of Study of Bachelor Level
(First year)
Chemistry
Paper I (Full Marks : 100)
Section A. Physical
Atomic Structure
Bohr's theory and hydrogen spectra, Sommerfield model, quantum numbers, concept of s,p. and d orbital, and quantum designation of electrons, Hund's rule, Pauli exclusion principle, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, Schroedinger's wave equation (Qualitative idea only).
Radioactivity
Radioactive radiations, radioactive disintegration, isotopes, their separation and uses, half life determination, detection and measurement of radioactivity (elementary concept), nuclear fission and fusion, stellar energy.
Kinetic Theory
Kinetic equation and derivation of gas laws, deviations from ideal behaviour and Van-der-Wall's equation, critical phenomena, liquification of gases, distribution of molecular velocities.
Chemical Equilibrium
Law of mass action and its applications to homogeneous equilibrium, relation between Kp and Kc, criteria of chemical equilibrium, effect of temperature, pressure and components on chemical equilibrium, Le-chatelier's principle and its applications.
Laws of Dilute Solutions
Raoult's law and determination of vapour pressure lowering laws of elevation of boiling point and depression of freezing point and determination of molecular weight, abnormalities in solution due to association and dissociation.
Osmotic Pressure
Osmotic pressure, laws of osmotic pressure, determination of osmotic pressure.
Electrochemistry
Specific conductance equivalent and molecular conductance, variation of conductance with dilution, transport number, Kohlrauchs's law, Ostwald's dilution law, common ion effect, solubility product principle, pH and buffer.
Chemical Kinetics
Order and molecularity, rate equations for first, second and third order reactions, determination of order of reaction, activation energy and activated complexes.
Section B : Inorganic
Chemical Periodicity
Variation of the following properties in the periodic table : valency, electronegativity, ionization potential, atomic and ionic radii.
Atomic Properties
Ionization potential, electron affinity, electronegativity, atomic and ionic radii.
Elementary Idea of Quantum Mechanical Theories of Valency:
Ionic Compound
Structures of ionic solids, ionic compounds of type AX (ZnS, NaCl, CsCl), ionic compounds of --type AX2(CaF2, TiO2) layer structures, Stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric defects.
Principles of Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
Solubility product, principle, commonion effect, Reactions underlying group separation, principles of gravimetric and volumetric analysis.
Co-ordination Complexes:
Werner's theory, nomenclature, isomerism, valence bond theory, Crystal field theory (Elementary concept).
Group Discussions:
Group study of Gr. IA & B.
Chemistry of Ag, Li.
Group Study of II A & B, Group III B (B,Al), IVB
(C,Si,Sn,Pb), VB (N,P. As, Sb, Bi), VI B(S, Se, Te),
VII B(F, Cl, Br, I), VII A (Fe, Co, Ni), Zero group
(He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe).
Chemistry of following Elements and Compounds
Chemistry of Be, Al, B, Si, Sn.
Fixation of nitrogen, nitrogen, potassium & phosphorus fertilizers, hydrazine, hydroxylamine, hydrozoic acid, oxides, and oxyacids of Phosphorus, Hydrogen Peroxide, Ozone, Peracids of sulphur.
Sodium thiosulphate.
Chemistry of Fluorine, Oxides & Oxyacids of Cl2, Br2, and I2.
Chemistry of Ti, V, Mn. Cr & Ni.
Chemistry of Argon
Types of bonds, ionic bonds, covalent bonds, co-ordinate bonds, metallic bonds, hydrogen bonds, double and triple bonds, hybridization of sigma and pi bonds, molecular orbital methods, ICAO method, united atom method.
Practical Paper I (Full Marks : 50)
Systematic qualitative analysis of the mixtures of inorganic salt containing not more than 4 radical (two cations and two anions). Volumetric analysis involving acidimetry and alkalimetry. Volumetric analysis involving redox titrations (permanganometry) and estimation of iron in Mohr's salt. Volumetric estimation of Ca in CaCO3, Iodometric and precipitation titrations (argentrimetry)
Recommended Books
1. Modern Inorganic Chemistry : R.C. Agrawal.
2. Concept of Inorganic Chemistry : J. D. Lee
3. Modern Inorganic Chemistry : Satya Prakash
4. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry : Cotton and Willkinson.
5. Inorganic Chemistry : T. Moellor
6. Essentials of Physical Chemistry : B.S. Bahl.
Top of Course of Study in Chemistry
Course of Study of Bachelor Level
(Second year)
Chemistry
Paper II (Full Marks : 100)
Section A. Physical
Thermodynamics :
First law of thermodynamics, enthalpy, heat capacity, Joule-Thompson effect, reversible process, reversibility and maximum work, Second law of thermodynamics, Carnot cycle, entropy, and free energy, Thermochemical terms and equations, Hess's law of constant heat summation, Kirchoff's equation.
Colloids:
Colloidal State of matter, lyophilic and lyophobic colloids, preparation and purification of colloids, brief discussion of the knietic, optical and electrical properties of colloids.
Catalysis:
Criteria of Catalysis, theories of catalysis, poisons and promoters.
Electrochemistry:
Failure of Arrhenius's theory in the case of strong electrolytes qualitative treatment of the theory of strong electrolytes, Debye-Huckel-Onsagar equation), activity and activity coefficient, e.m.f. of cells. Origin of e.m.f. standard electrode potential, Nernst equation, half-cells, reference electrodes, conductometric titrations, Potentiometric titrations.
Spectrophotometry:
Beer-Lambert Law, discription of simple spectrophotometer, simple applications.
Section : B
Orbital Pictures of Molecules :
Atomic orbitals, molecular orbitals, hybrid orbitals, hybridization, molecular orbital pictures of methane, ethylene, acetylene, benzene.
Electronic Effects:
Inductive effect, electrometric effect, mesomerism, resonance, hyper-conjugation.
Physico-Chemical Methods Concerning Reaction Mechanism:
Kinetic methods and non-kinetic methods (isolation and trapping of the intermediate, tracer technique, etc.)
Energetic of Reaction :
Progress of reaction, energy changes, energy of activation, transition state, free energy, activated complex, relationship between enthalpy of activation, entropy of activation and free energy of activation.
Free Radical Substitution :
Halogenation, mechanism of halogenation, relative reactivity of alkane halogenation, case of abstraction of hydrogen atom, stability of free radical, ease of formation of free radicals, orientation and reactivity, reactivity and selectivity.
Elimination :
E1 and E2 reactions, dehydrohalegenation of allkyl halides and its mechanism, orientation and reactivity, dehydration of alcohols and its mechanism, carbonium ion theory, stability of carbonium ion, ease of formulation of carbonium ion.
Electrophilic and Free Radical Addition :
Addition of hydrogen halide, Markownikoff's rule, Addition of hydrogen bromide and peroxide effect, electrophilic addition, mechanism, orientation, reactivity, mechanism of addition of halogen, free redical addition, mechanism of the peroxide initiated addition of HBr.
Nucleophilic Aliphatic Substitution :
SN1, SN2 reactions mechanism, kinetics, reactivity, and stereochemistry.
Resonance and Aromatic Character:
Resonance theory, orbital picture of benzene, Kekule (4n+2) rule, mechanism of nitration, sulphonation, halegenation, Friedel Craft's alkylation.
Nucleophilic Addition of Carbonyl Compounds:
Nucleophilic addition, reduction, addition of Grignard's reagent, reduction with metal hydrides, addition of cyanide, bisulphite derivative of ammonia, alcohol, Cannizaro's reaction.
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution:
Low reactivity of aryl and vinyl halides, structure of aryl and vinyl halides, effect of halogen on electrophilic aromatic substitution, nucleophilic aromatic substitution by molecular displacement and its mechanism, reactivity in nucleophilic aromatic substitution, elimination addition mechanism for nucleophilic aromatic substitution.
Stereochemistry :
Stereoisomerism, optical activity, enantiomerism, tetrahedral carbon, dissymetry, assymetric carbon atom, enantiomers, racemic modification, configuration, R and S configuration, sequence rule.
Carbohydrates:
Osazone formation and epimers, kiliani and fischer synthesis, Ruff degration, absolute configuration, cyclic structure of D (+) glucose and formation of glucosides, configuration about C2, methylation, determination of ring size conformation.
Heterocyclic Compounds:
Structures of Pyrrole, furan, and thiophene, sources of pyrrole furan, and thiophene, electrophilic substitution in pyrrole, furan, and thiophene, structure of pyridine electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution in pyridine, basicity of pyridine, quinoline.
Aminoacids and Proteins :
Aminoacids as dipolar ions, isoelectric point, properties, geometry of peptide linkages.
Cyclic Aliphatic Hydrocarbons :
Nomanclature, preparation, reactions, Baeyer's strain theory, conformation of cycloalkane, equatorial and axial bonds in cyclo-hexane.
Reactions Involving Carbanion :
Nucleophilic acyl substitution, alkaline and acid hydrolysis on esters, trans-esterification, acidity-of hydrogen, reactions involving carbanions, base promotes halogenation of ketone, stereo chemistry of carbanions enolization, aldol condensation, dehydration of aldol product. Perkin condensation, Witting reaction.
Dicarboxylic Acids :
Effects of heat, malonic acid synthesis.
Keto Acids :
Claisen rearrangement, acetoacetic ester synthesis of ketone and acid, decarboxylation of keto acids, keto-enol tautomerism.
Hydroxy Acids:
Reformatsky reaction, stereochemistry of hydroxy acids.
Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds:
Michael addition, Diels Alder reaction.
Practical Paper II (Full Marks : 50)
Detection of N, S and halogens in organic compounds, Identification of functional groups, Preparations of organic compounds involving acetylation and hydrolysis. Preparation of Phenolphthalein. Determination of melting point of organic compounds.
Some inorganic preparations (at least 3 compounds) Gravimetric analysis of iron, Gravimetric estimation of sulphate in K2SO4.
Preparation of buffer solution and determination of pH by indicator method.
Recommended Books:
1. Essentials of Physical Chemistry - B.S. Bahl
2. Organic Chemistry - Morsion and Boyd
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